Romario: "You'd use it because it's so dysphoric for you to keep looking at your chest and it's a discomfort for you to be out in public. Steffan: "Personally, I don't recommend any of them because some people say it damages the breast tissue and can cause complications when it comes to surgery. Romario: "A packer is a device used to create an illusion that you have a penis in your pants or your boxers. Steffan: "It's to make you feel like you've got 'the package' if you're FTM.
Romario: "You could use your socks or it could be an actual prosthetic. Steffan: "Some people wear it on a day to day basis, some people wear it to go to the gym just to know that they're bulging their pack. Romario: "STP stands for stand to pee - it's a device that enables you to go to the toilet while standing up. Steffan: "It's almost like a packer but a softer version. In fact, in some transgender adolescents mental health problems, suicide and social isolation are formed [ 12 ].
People are in the danger of several mental-social difficulties containing rejection from the family and peers, persecution and harassment, trauma, abuse, inappropriate housing, lack of financial protection, training and legal difficulties [ 5 ]. Acute damage and depression, relieves it and relief and so they recovery the quality of life QoL [ 12 ]. There is a lack of consensus in the QoL of transgenders.
A few previous studies have indicated that transgenders also experience lower QoL than the general population [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Conversely, other studies have found no difference in QoL or psychological functioning between transgenders and the general population [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].
Therefore, the aims of this study were first to assess QoL of MTF and FTM transgenders and compare with general population sample; second, to examine the differences between transgender men and women, and third; how their level of QoL differs according to socio-demographic factors.
This information would be useful for future comparison of secular trend and to provide data on the OoL of Iranian transgenders, where such studies have not been carried out. This is a case-control study. All of the individuals with gender identity disorder with definite diagnosis using DSM-V-TR diagnostic criteria and being member in societies of people with gender identity disorder in Isfahan and Fars provinces 71 members formed the case group.
Individuals were excluded from the study if they had an inability to respond or unwillingness to participate in the study and having severe psychiatric disorders or any limiting chronic diseases. Face to face interviews were done by a trained person. The data were processed and analyzed by authorized personnel only, and was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.
The group of transgenders was compared with a control group of healthy adults. Healthy controls were volunteers referred to counseling centers for getting educational counseling for children, family, job, etc.
For each person who has a gender identity disorder two age-matched controls were considered. This study approved by the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences ethical committee, and an informed consent form was signed by each participant.
The following variables were acquired by an interview and a self-administered questionnaire: age, gender, educational level not having graduated, high-school diploma, or high education and holding a university degree , employment status, self-estimation of the financial situation good, average, bad , relationship status single vs. To measure QoL of individuals with and without transgender identity disorder, we used the Persian validated version of the self-reported physical and mental health Short Form SF Health Survy [ 20 ].
This questionnaire has 36 independent questions and cover eight emotional and physical domains: physical function evaluates the presence and severity of limitations to physical activities , role limitations due to physical health problems assess the limitations to work or other daily activities , pain determine the impact pain on daily activities , general health perceptions determine overall sense of well-being , vitality evaluates the influence of health on energy level and fatigue , social functioning measures the impact of health on engaging in social activities , role limitations due to emotional problems assess the impact of emotional problems performing daily activities and general mental health evaluates the presence or severity of mental health indicators; like anxiety and depression.
The scores of each domain vary from zero to which higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning or well-being. A short 36—item questionnaire was assessed by case group that were appropriate diagnosis to this research data and control group. Finally, to better understand the QoL of people ever sub-scale at any desired levels favorable 67— , relatively favorable and unfavorable 0—32 were analyzed and classified.
By using the socio-demographic questionnaire age, gender, occupation, housing status, marital status, education level, income, life entourages those who already live in the same place with an involved person the related information to demographic variables were collected. Medical information containing the sex reassignment surgery, types of surgery, hormone therapy, duration of hormone therapy, and time elapsed since the surgery was collected by interview. Distribution of data was checked for normality using the Kolmogrov-Simironov test.
Because we conducted multiple statistical tests, we used the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and correct for an increased chance of type I error. Covariate analyses adjusting for age were performed to compare differences between men and women.
Differences in the distribution of several socio-demographic characteristics among 31 MTF and 41 FTM transgenders are shown in Table 1. The mean SD age was Characteristics of the 71 transgenders and controls are shown in Table 2. Transgenders were poorer, and less likely to be married than controls. No significant differences between female controls and FTM transgenders were seen.
After controlling the duration of surgery, surgical intervention was not significantly associated with any subscales of QoL in both MTF and FTM transgenders. Transgenders reported a lower QoL in the most dimensions of the SF questionnaire, than the control group. Hormone use was positively associated with subscales role limitations due to physical function in MTF and with subscale emotional health in FTM transgenders.
As expected, education was positively associated with QoL of emotional well-being and social function and economic status. There are a positive association between employment and physical and social function subscales. This study did not demonstrate any influence of surgical intervention on QoL. A small number of transgenders has undergone surgery or hormonal intervention. These people usually after receiving therapeutic interventions, especially surgical intervention, left their homes and moved to a new location and a new gender of them is recognized, thus rarely and only shortly after intervention get to participate in meetings and prefer to leave the community and to forget the past and resolved in the course of normal life, therefore, these interventions was not considered for comparison.
Compared with the control group, QoL of transgenders was lower in physical function subscale. These results are similar to the results of the study of Gurion- Lazard et al. But, in overall they had higher QoL scores. Reisner et al. Although the more MTF transgenders in this study are similar to men in terms of physical condition and still do not receive hormone or surgical intervention, but they have similar QoL with women in all subscales of QoL, except role limitations due to emotional problems, general health, and emotional well-being.
Motman et al. The study findings of Newfield et al. Our findings on lower QoL in MTF compared to FTM is in line with the results of many studies carried out in other parts of the world [ 23 , 25 , 26 ] and in contrast to a few others [ 27 ].
By controlling the duration of hormone therapy, hormone therapy in MTF transgenders was associated only with the subscales of physical role limitations and emotional well-being in FTM. This study shows that long-term hormone therapy had strongly linked with subscales of QoL.
As well as trusted referrals to other providers with high standards for bottom genitalia surgery. Therefore, understanding this somewhat daunting process can be part of the challenge patients face. We have laid out a full description of the transgender surgery insurance approval process for you.
In fact, we have a full-time member of our team called our Insurance Concierge , who will pretty much take this off your hands entirely and keep you informed as she works toward getting your insurance approved.
Though it only scratches the surface, hopefully this short overview has given you an idea of the resources we focused on when making this website. We believe in you, and we believe in the transgender, non-binary and gender expansive journey. Please reach out to us via the contact us page for anything we can do to help. The virtual consultation will be billed to your insurance company. We will accept the insurance reimbursement as payment in full. Contact Us. About Us Blog.
San Francisco, California About Us Contact Us However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. Joel Rudin Rowan U. Search for more papers by this author. Yang Yang Rowan U. Linda W Ross Rowan U. Andrea Farro Rowan U.
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